北京天譯翻譯公司是北京地區一家大型的專業翻譯公司，在多種領域均有著豐富的翻譯經驗。立足北京并致力于在上海、大連、廣州、等地提供翻譯服務。公司整合了各地的資源，并在北京、上海、廣州等地建立了翻譯公司分部，以依托外資開發當地的翻譯市場。天譯翻譯公司的翻譯人員都有著優秀的翻譯水平，公司的所有翻譯均有著深厚的行業背景和翻譯經驗，對所翻譯的行業有著深刻的理解，從而能夠 翻譯項目的質量。公司致力于為每位客戶提供專業快速的翻譯服務，并成為溝通世界與中國的橋梁。
艾滋病詞典-HIV/AIDS terms(I-Q)
IDU
See: injection drug user
IDV
See: indinavir
illicit drug
See: recreational drug
immune reconstitution - 免疫功能重建
The rebuilding of an immune system that has been damaged or compromised by HIV infection; HIV treatment often leads to immune reconstitution in people with damaged immune systems
immune reconstitution disease (ISD)
See: immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome
immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome - 免疫重建炎性綜合癥
A set of symptoms that occurs in a person whose immune system is becoming stronger as a result of HIV treatment; the symptoms appear when a previously hidden opportunistic infection appears and the immune system overreacts to it
immunization - 免疫接種
The process by which a person is protected against disease-causing organisms through the stimulation of an immune response
immunocompromised - 免疫受損
Reduced functioning of the immune system， usually as a result of a disease or condition such as HIV infection
immunomodulator - 免疫促進劑
An agent or process capable of modifying or influencing the function of the immune system; immunomodulators include cytokines (for example， IL-2， gamma interferon) and broad-acting agents
inclusion criteria - 包含標準
Characteristics of an individual that qualify him or her to take part in a clinical trial (for example， CD4+ cell count， pregnancy， other drugs taken)
incubation period
See: window period
indication - 藥物認可治療范
The approved uses of a drug
indinavir - 茚地那偉
An antiretroviral drug used to treat HIV infection; indinavir is a protease inhibitor (PI)
induction therapy - 誘導治療
An initial stage of treatment to quickly cause remission of the disease. In HIV treatment， induction therapy is an experimental procedure to rapidly reduce viral load before switching to long-term “maintenance” therapy
INF
See: interferon
informed consent - 知情同意
A way to protect people entering a clinical trial; each participant must sign a consent form that explains the purpose of the trial， the results expected， the mechanics of the trial， potential risks， a list of other treatments available; there is also a statement telling the participant that (s)he can leave the clinical trial at any time
injection drug user - 毒品注射者
A person who uses a street drug (such as heroin or cocaine) that is injected with a needle and syringe
inmate - 獄犯
Someone who is in a correctional facility (prison or jail)
insulin - 胰島素
A hormone that enables the body to metabolize and use glucose (sugar); lack of insulin or insensitivity to it results in diabetes
integrase inhibitor - 整合酶抑制劑
A class of anti-HIV drugs (for example， zintevir) that suppress HIV by interfering with the action of the integrase enzyme
interferon - 干擾素
A protein that regulates the immune system， providing protection from microbes such as viruses
interleukin - 白細胞介素
A hormone (cytokine) that acts as a messenger in the immune system
Invirase
See: saquinavir
IRIS
See: immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome
Kaletra - 洛匹那偉利托那偉復合劑
An antiretroviral drug used to treat HIV infection; Kaletra is a combination of lopinavir and ritonavir， two drugs that are protease inhibitors (PIs)
Kaposi`s sarcoma - 卡波氏肉瘤
Cancer of the blood vessels caused by a herpes virus; symptoms include red， pink or purple spots on the skin or internal organs; Kaposi’s sarcoma is very rare except in HIV-positive; it used to be a common opportunistic infection
kidney function test - 腎功能測試
A group of tests that show how well the kidneys are working
kidney stone - 腎結石
An accumulation of substances (for example， drug crystals， minerals) in the kidney， which may lead to pain and blockage
Kivexa - 拉米夫定阿巴卡偉復合劑
An antiretroviral drug used to treat HIV infection; Kivexa is a combination of 3TC and abacavir， two drugs that are nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs， nukes)
KS
See: Kaposi`s sarcoma
lactic acidosis - 乳酸中毒
An accumulation of lactic acid in the blood that is potentially fatal; it can be caused by mitochondrial toxicity， a side effect associated with some anti-HIV drugs
lactose intolerance - 乳酸過敏
When a person cannot digest lactose， which is commonly found in milk and other dairy products
lamivudine
See: 3TC
lesbian - 女同性戀者
A woman who has emotional and sexual relations with other women
lesbian gay bisexual transgendered - 女同性戀/男同志/ 雙性戀-變性者
A term describing people whose sexuality falls outside of the majority heterosexual identity
leukopenia - 白血球減少
Abnormally low number of white blood cells
Lexiva
See: fosamprenavir
LGBT
See: lesbian gay bisexual transgendered
lipid profile - 脂肪型態
A blood test that measures the levels of lipids in the blood， including triglycerides， total cholesterol， LDL cholesterol and HDL cholesterol
lipodystrophy - 脂肪代謝失調癥
Body shape changes in people taking anti-HIV medications， including fat loss， fat deposits and metabolic changes
liver enzyme levels - 肝臟酶類水平
A blood test that measures levels of liver enzymes to indicate how well the liver is working and whether it might be inflamed or damaged
liver function test
See: liver enzyme levels
longitudinal study - 追蹤調查研究
A clinical study that follows participants over an extended period of time
long-term nonprogression - 長期沒有惡化
When an individual who has been infected with HIV for several years (7-10 or more) does not exhibit immune system decline or have opportunistic diseases; about 10% of persons with HIV disease seem to be long-term nonprogressors
LTNP
See: long-term nonprogression
lumbar puncture - 腰髓穿刺
The insertion of a needle into the space around the spinal column to remove fluid for diagnosis or to inject medications or anesthesia
lymph node - 淋巴結
Small bean-sized organs located throughout the body， with concentrations in the neck， groin and armpits; lymph nodes are important in immune reactions and are also reservoir sites for HIV
lymphatic system - 淋巴系統
The interconnected system of spaces and glands by which lymph (fluid) circulates in the body; the lymphatic system is part of the immune system
lymphocyte - 淋巴細胞
A T-cell or B-cell， which are the white blood cells responsible for immune defense
lymphoma - 淋巴瘤
Cancer of the lymphatic system
MAC
See: Mycobacterium avium complex
magnetic resonance imaging - 磁力共振影像
A diagnostic technique that uses magnetic fields and radio waves (instead of X-rays); MRIs produce a 3-dimensional computer model
maintenance therapy - 維持療法
Preventive or ongoing therapy that follows successful initial treatment of an illness; generally， maintenance therapy continues for the lifetime of the patient to stop the disease from occurring again
malabsorption - 吸收障礙
Poor absorption of nutrients or drugs in the intestines
malaria - 瘧疾
An infection passed by the bite of mosquitoes; symptoms of disease include chills and fevers
malignant - 惡性
Refers to a cancer， neoplasm or tumour that grows in an uncontrolled manner， invading nearby tissue and spreading (metastasizing) to other sites through the bloodstream
marijuana - 大麻
Cannabis sativa， a plant that contains the psychoactive ingredient delta-9 tetrahydrocannabinol (THC); medicinal marijuana is used to reduce nausea from drugs and to restore appetite in people with HIV/AIDS with wasting syndrome
men who have sex with men - 男男性關系
Men who have sex together
meningitis - 腦膜炎
Inflammation of meninges (the layers that cover the brain)， usually caused by a bacterial infection
menstrual disorder - 月經失調
Problems with menstruation， that is， the monthly passing of blood in a woman
meta-analysis - 統計薈萃分析
An analysis that combines the results of two or more published studies
metabolic disorder - 新陳代謝失調癥
A problem with any of the processes of build up， break down or excretion of substances in the body; metabolic disorders can occur as a side effect of anti-HIV drugs
methadone - 美沙酮
An opioid drug used for pain therapy and to treat heroin addiction
microbicide - 殺菌劑
An agent that inactivates， kills or destroys microbes; vaginal microbicides are one way that women may be able to protect themselves against sexually transmitted diseases such as HIV
microsporidiosis - 微孢子菌病
Infection that causes diarrhea and cramps; this is sometimes incorrectly diagnosed as cryptosporidiosis
mitochondria - 線粒體
A rod-shaped organelle that produces most of the energy inside a cell
mitochondrial toxicity - 線粒體中毒癥
Damage to the cell’s mitochondria， sometimes caused by certain anti-HIV drugs
molluscum contagiosum - 傳染性軟疣
An infectious skin disease caused by a virus; symptoms include small， white tumours on the face or body
mother-to-child transmission - 母嬰傳染
Transmission of infection from a mother to a fetus or newborn; vertical transmission may occur in the womb (in utero)， during birth (intrapartum) or during breast-feeding (postpartum)
MRI
See: magnetic resonance imaging
MSM
See: men who have sex with men
MTCT
See: mother-to-child transmission
mucosal immunity - 黏膜免疫性
Immunity that involves antibodies located in the mucous membranes at the openings of the body (for example， the genital tract); this type of immune defense repels invaders at their point of entry
multicentre - 多發源點
Involving many different locations; often used to describe a clinical trial
mutation - 變異
A change in a gene that is kept during later cell divisions
Mycobacterium avium complex - 分枝桿菌復癥
A disease caused by a fungus in dirt or dust particles; symptoms include weight loss， fatigue and fever
myelopathy - 脊髓病
A disease or disorder of the bone marrow
myopathy - 肌病
An inflammation or disease of the muscles that may cause pain or weakness
naturopathy - 自然療法
A system of natural healing that relies on healthy foods and exercise and the avoidance of drugs， believing that the body can cure itself
nausea - 惡心
A feeling of unease and discomfort in the stomach with an urge to throw up (vomit)
needle exchange - 針筒交換
A program where injection drug users receive clean syringes in exchange for syringes they have already used
needle-stick injuries - 針筒刺傷
When a person is pricked accidentally with a needle
nelfinavir - 奈非那偉
An antiretroviral drug used to treat HIV infection; nelfinavir is a protease inhibitor (PI)
neonatal - 新生兒
Pertaining to a newborn baby， especially during the first weeks after birth
nephropathy - 腎病
Kidney disease
nephrotoxicity - 腎中毒
Harmful effects on the kidneys; many drugs have nephrotoxic side effects
neurosyphilis - 神經梅毒
A late form of syphilis that affects the brain and may lead to dementia and death
neurotoxicity - 神經中毒癥
Harmful effects on the nervous system; some anti-HIV drugs are neurotoxic
neutropenia - 嗜中性白血球減少癥
A low number of neutrophils in the blood; neutrophils are a white blood cell important in defending the body against infections
nevirapine - 奈維拉平
An antiretroviral drug used to treat HIV infection; nevirapine is a non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI， non-nuke)
NFV
See: nelfinavir
NHL
See: non-Hodgkin`s lymphoma
night sweats - 盜汗
Abnormal sweating during sleep
NNRTI
See: non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor
non-Hodgkin`s lymphoma - 非何杰金淋巴瘤
A type of cancer of the lymph nodes; NHL is characterized by abnormal growth of B-cells and is the most common type of lymphoma in people with HIV/AIDS
non-narcotic pain reliever - 非麻醉止痛藥
A class of drugs that relieves pain; examples include acetaminophen and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)
non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor - 非核苷類逆轉錄酶抑制劑
A class of anti-HIV drugs that suppress HIV by blocking the reverse transcriptase enzyme， a viral enzyme involved in making more copies of HIV
non-nuke
See: non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor
nonprescription drug
See: over-the-counter drug
NRTI
See: nucleoside analogue
NtRTI
See: nucleotide analogue
nucleoside analogue - 核苷類近似體
A compound (for example， AZT， ddI， ddC， d4T， 3TC) that mimics one of the building blocks of DNA and RNA; these compounds suppress HIV replication by interfering with the reverse transcriptase enzyme
nucleotide analogue - 核苷酸近似體
A compound (for example， tenofovir)， similar to a nucleoside analogue but with an extra molecule attached， that mimics a building block of DNA and RNA; these compounds interfere with viral replication by interfering with the reverse transcriptase enzyme
nuke
See: nucleoside analogue
nutrition - 營養
The taking in and using of food and other nourishing materials by the body; eating the right kinds of foods may help people with HIV/AIDS feel better and stay stronger
NVP
See: nevirapine
observational study - 前瞻性觀察研究
A clinical study in which no drug is given， but the patient`s symptoms， laboratory values and response to treatment are observed during the course of normal medical management
off-label drug use - 無標簽藥物
Use of a drug for a purpose (indication) different from the approved uses of the drug
OI
See: opportunistic infection
opportunistic infection - 機會性感染
An illness caused by a microorganism that usually does not cause disease in people with healthy immune systems， but which may cause serious illness in people with HIV/AIDS; common examples include PCP， MAC and CMV infection
oral candidiasis - 口腔念珠菌感染鵝口瘡
A fungal infection of the mouth that often appears as white or red patches
oral sex - 口交
Sexual intercourse where the genitals are stimulated by the mouth
orphan drug - 治療罕有病癥藥物
A drug that treats a rare disorder and whose development is often supported by money from the government
osteopenia - 軟骨癥
A decrease in the density of a person’s bones
osteoporosis - 骨質疏松癥
The loss of bone and/or the loss of calcium from the bones
OTC drug
See: over-the-counter drug
over-the-counter drug - 成藥
A drug that is available without a prescription
pain management - 痛癥處理
The use of drugs and other techniques to relieve pain and make a person more comfortable
palliative care - 安寧護理
Medical care that relieves symptoms and provides comfort but does not cure; palliative care is an approach to life-threatening chronic illnesses， especially at the end of life
pancreatitis - 胰臟炎
A potentially fatal inflammation of the pancreas; pancreatitis is a side effect of some anti-HIV drugs
Pap smear - 子宮頸細胞抹片檢查
A procedure in which cells are taken from the uterine cervix or anus， prepared on a slide and examined under a microscope for signs of abnormal cell growth or cancer
Papanicolou smear
See: Pap smear
participatory research
See: community-based research
peak level - 較高水平
The highest concentration of a drug achieved in the body
peer support - 朋輩互助
Help from other people， including family， friends and especially other people with HIV/AIDS
Pegasys - 派羅欣（長效型干擾素）
A form of the drug interferon; Pegasys is usually taken with Copegus， a form of ribavirin， to treat hepatitis C infection
Pegatron - 長效型干擾素利巴偉林復合劑
A form of the drug interferon; Pegatron is usually taken with Rebetol， a form of ribavirin， to treat hepatitis C infection
pelvic inflammatory disease - 盆腔炎
An infection in the upper female reproductive tract， including the uterus， fallopian tubes and ovaries
penicillin - 盤尼西林
An antibiotic drug used to treat various bacterial infections
pentamidine - 戍烷脒
A drug used to prevent and treat Pneumocystis pneumonia (PCP)
PEP
See: post-exposure prophylaxis
perinatal transmission
See: mother-to-child transmission
peripheral neuropathy - 末稍神經痛癥
Any disease， inflammation or abnormality of the peripheral nervous system (all the nerves that are not part of the brain and spinal cord)
person with HIV/AIDS - 艾滋病患者
A person infected with HIV， who may or may not have AIDS
PHA
See: person with HIV/AIDS
pharmacokinetic study - 藥物動力研究
A clinical trial of an experimental drug that looks at the body`s ability to absorb the drug
pharmacokinetics - 藥物動力
How a drug behaves in the body， including how quickly it is absorbed， metabolized and excreted
phase of clinical trial - 臨床實驗階段
Before a drug is approved for use in humans， it goes through three phases of clinical trials; phase I trials test drug pharmacokinetics， safety and toxicity in healthy volunteers; phase II and III trials test the drug`s effectiveness to treat a condition; phase III trials often involve more people and may compare the drug to other therapies or to placebo
phenotypic testing - 生態表現測試
A test for viral drug resistance that is based on the ability of the virus to reproduce in the presence of the drug
PI
See: protease inhibitor
PID
See: pelvic inflammatory disease
placebo - 無效對照劑
An inactive substance given to a control group in a clinical trial; a placebo is sometimes called a sugar pill
plasma - 血漿
The liquid portion of blood that carries blood cells， nutrients， metabolic wastes and chemical signals between different parts of the body
PML
See: progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy
Pneumocystis pneumonia - 卡氏肺囊蟲肺炎
A life-threatening type of pneumonia that can cause severe illness in people with CD4+ counts less than 200
pneumonia - 肺炎
A group of diseases that show up as an inflammation of the lungs
post-exposure prophylaxis - 接觸病毒后預防治療
Treatment with anti-HIV drugs in a person who has just been exposed to HIV; the goal is to reduce the risk of infection
pre-exposure prophylaxis - 接觸病毒前預防治療
Treatment with anti-HIV drugs in a person who is at high risk of being exposed to HIV; the goal is to reduce the risk of infection if exposure happens
PREP
See: pre-exposure prophylaxis
progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy - 腦白質病
A viral infection of the brain; symptoms include memory loss， loss of strength， coma and death
prophylaxis - 預防性治療
A drug taken to prevent an opportunistic infection from occurring or re-occuring; for example， Septra is a prophylaxis against PCP
prospective study - 前瞻性研究
A clinical study that looks forward in time; patients are selected and their progression is followed
protease inhibitor - 蛋白酶抑制劑
A class of anti-HIV drugs that suppress HIV by interfering with viral protease， an enzyme needed to create more copies of HIV proteins
psoriasis - 牛皮癬
A common skin condition with reddish scaly patches， often on the scalp， elbows， knees and trunk
QoL
See: quality of life
quality of life - 生活質素
How comfortable someone’s life is; there are scientific scales that try to give a number value to quality of life
京ICP備10040416號-3